IC-NRLF 


/ 


Published  as  a  Supplement  to  the   '"Michigan  Presbyterian,"  Aug.  13,  1896 


THE 


PRESBYTERIAN    CHURCH 


University  of  Michigan 


AN  ADDRESS  BEFORE  THE  SYNOD  OF  MICHIGAN  AT  ADRIAN.  OCTOBER  9,  i89s 


By  FRANCIS  W.  KELSEY 

Professor  of  Latin  in  the  University 


WITH  STATISTICAL  TABLES  AND  OTHER  DATA 


By  DELOS  R  W1LCOX 


Fellow  in  the  Columbia  College  School  of  Political  Science,  New  York 


BY  ORDER   OF  THE   SYNOD   OF   MICHIGAN 
1895 


THE      MICHIGAN  PRESBYTERIAN, 

22  WITHERELL  ST ., 
DETROIT,        -        -        MICH. 


PREFATORY  NOTE. 


The  following  address  was  given  before  the  Synod  of 
Michigan  at  the  request  of  several  persons  interested  in 
the  work  at  Ann  Arbor,  and  is  published  by  order  of 
the  Synod.  (See  the  Minutes  of  Synod,  1895,  p.  27.)  The 
statistical  tables  and  other  data  collected  by  Mr.  Wilcox, 
which  were  laid  before  the  Synod  only  in  part,  are 
printed  in  full  and  placed  together  for  convenience  of 
reference;  they  are  intended  to  be  a  contribution  to 
scientific  educational  literature,  to  present  facts  without 
reference  to  their  bearing.  Foot-notes  have  been  added 
containing  references  to  sources,  or  fuller  information, 
where  such  seemed  to  be  needed.  Mention  of  indebted- 
ness is  due  to  Professor  William  H.  Pettee,  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan,  for  kind  assistance  in  verifying  the 
statistics. 

FRANCIS  W.  KELSEY. 

Ann  Arbor,  Michigan. 
10  March,  1896. 


$77896 


OONTRNTS 


THE  PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH  AND  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF 
MICHIGAN: 

Page 

The  Presbyterian  Students  -at  the  University.... 7 

Why  Does  the  Church  neglect  her  own 10 

Is  the  State  University     here  to  Stay? 15 

The  Church  confronted  with  a  Condition,  not  a  Theory 20 

Tables: 

I.  Summary  of  Calling-list  of  Presbyterian  Students 28 

II.  Cost  of  Collegiate  Students  to  the  Presbyterian  Board 

of  Aid 29 

III.  Private  Gifts  to  State  Universities '. 30 

President  Angell  on  Gifts  to  State  Universities 31 

Chancellor  MacLean  on  the  Growth  of  iState  Universities 32 

Mr.  Wilcox  on  the  Duty  of  the  Churches  to  the  State  University  33 


STATISTICS  BEARING  UPON  RELIGIOUS  AND  MORAL  TEN- 
DENCIES AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN: 

i.     Contributions  of  the  University  of  Michigan  to  the  Ministry 

and  Mission  Fields 36 

Tables: 

IV.     Classical  Graduates  Entering  the  Ministry,  1845-94...     37 
V.     Relative  Number  of   Clergymen,   Lawyers,   Teachers 

and  Business  Men  38 

VI.     Theological  Seminary  Training  of  Graduates  in  the 

Ministry    38 

VII.     Distribution  Among  the  Theological  Seminaries 39 

VIII.     Distribution  by  Denominations 39 

IX.     Missionaries  from  the  University  of  Michigan 39 

X.     Summary  of  Religious  Workers  from  the  University 

of  Michigan    40 

ii.     The  Students'  Christian  Association .' 40 

Tables: 

XI.     Religious  Census  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  1892- 

1893    42 

XII.     Summary  of  Church  Members 43 

XIII.  Distribution  among  Religious  Denominations 43 

XIV.  Distribution  among  Denominations  and  Departments.     43 


THE  PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH 


AND   THE 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN. 


THE  PRESBYTERIAN  STUDENTS  AT  TH33  '•:  -VIA'  E3SITY.' 

A  calling-list  of  Presbyterian  students  at  .;th£.UiHU!,t>ii,r 
of  Michigan,  compiled  by  the  student-secretary  of  the  Tappan 
Presbyterian  Association  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  college  year 
1894-95,  contained  401  names.1  This  list,  while  exact  as  far 
as  it  went,  wras  not  complete  even  for  the  quarter  in  which  it 
was  made;  had  it  been  complete  it  could  not  be  taken  as  ac- 
curately representing  the  attendance  of  Presbyterian  students 
for  the  whole  year,  because  not  including  accessions  of  new 
students  between  the  Christinas  vacation  and  the  following; 
July. 

In  1892-93  a  partial  religious  census  of  the  students  at  the 
University  was  taken  by  the  Students'  Christian  Association.2 
Out  of  2,808  students  in  attendance  487  were  not  reached  by  the 
census- takers ;  among  the  2,321,  or  nearly  six-sevenths  of  the  en- 
tire number,  whose  religious  preferences  were  ascertained,  407 
Presbyterian  students  were  registered. 

It  is  the  unanimous  opinion  of  the  men  best  able  to  judge  of 
this  matter  that  475  is  a  conservative  estimate  of  the  number 


iSee  Table  I.,  p  23. 

2See  Tables  XI.-XIV.,  pp  42-43  The  difficulty  of  taking  a  com- 
plete religious  census  will  be  understood  when  one  considers  not  only 
the  magnitude  of  the  task,  but  also  the  fact  that  it  has  not  been  pos- 
sible to  set  aside  funds  for  the  purpose;  the  data  were  gathered  by 
students  whose  time  was  quite  fully  occupied  with  their  University 
work. 


8        The  Presbyterian  Church  and   University  of  Michigan 

of  Presbyterian  students  at  the  University  the  past  year;  that 
a  complete  census,  including  church  members  and  those  of  Pres- 
byterian preference,  would  probably  have  shown  a  somewhat 
greater  figure  than  this;  and  that,  therefore,  the  number  475 
may  be  taken  as  a  fair  and  accurate  basis  of  computation.3  In 
the  following  remarks  I  shall  make  no  reference  to  the  Presby- 
terian students  from  out  of  town  in  the  Ann  Arbor  High  School, 
nor  to  those  enrolled  in  the  University  School  of  Music.  In  com- 
paring the  attendance  at  other  institutions,  fairness  requires 
tlxa.t  in  each,  ca§e  qnly  those  students  be  counted  together  who 
have  their  worlt  *en  the  same  campus,  and  that  preparatory  as 
'•  wejlt<£$  jntisic  &tfji  art  pupils  be  excluded.  What,  then,  is  the 
meaning  of  the  figures  given? 

In  the  first  place,  it  is  clear  that  one  student  out  of  every  six 
in  the  University  of  Michigan  is  to  be  reckoned  as  belonging  to 
the  Presbyterian  denomination  by  actual  membership  or  by 
affiliation. 

In  the  second  place,  a  moment's  consideration  will  show  that 
the  second  largest  Presbyterian  college  in  the  United  States,  in 
point  of  attendance,  is  at  Ann  Arbor.  In  1894-95  the  total  en- 
rollment of  students  in  the  College  of  New  Jersey  at  Princeton 
was  1,109;  next  comes  the  Presbyterian  student  body  at  Ann 
Arbor  with  475.  Of  the  students  at  Princeton  about  one-half, 
say  555,  were  Presbyterian.4  That  is  to  say,  the  number  of  Pres- 
byterian students  at  Princeton  last  year  exceeded  the  number 


3According  to  present  indications,  the  number  of  Presbyterian 
students  the  present  year  (1895-96)  will  exceed  500. 

4Extract  from  a  letter  written  by  Clinton  T.  Wood,  General  Secre- 
tary of  the  Philadelphian  Society  of  Princeton  College,  15  October, 
1895:  "There  are  no  statistics  of  the  Junior  and  Sophomore  classes  at 
hand.  A  justifiable  estimate  can  be  made,  however,  on  the  basis  of 
the  reports  from  the  Senior  and  Freshman  classes.  Of  a  senior  class 
of  260,  about  130  are  adherents  of  the  Presbyterian  church.  Of  the 
280  new  men  we  have  reports  of  135  who  are  Presbyterian  adherents, 
and  some  few  not  reported.  Of  the  135.  more  than  100  are  church 
members." 


Presbyterian  Students  at  tht  University  9 

of  Presbyterian  students  at  Ann  Arbor  by  barely  80.  At  Prince- 
ton, says  Mr.  Wood,  "the  remainder  are  divided  among-  the  Epis- 
copal, Methodist,  Baptist  and  Reformed  and  Congregational 
churches,  with  the  larger  number  connected  with  the  Episcopal 
church."  At  Ann  Arbor  there  is  a  contingent  of  students  who, 
having  no  church  connections  or  affiliations,  occasionally  come 
to  the  Presbyterian  church  and  attend  the  social  gatherings  of 
the  Young  People's  Society.  In  the  course  of  last  year  sixty- 
seven  such  voluntarily  presented  their  names,  and  they  were 
only  a  portion  of  the  whole  number.  In  final  computation  it  is 
extremely  probable  that  the  number  of  students  at  Ann  Arbor 
the  spiritual  welfare  of  whom,  with  absolute  exclusion  of  all 
thought  of  proselyting,  may  properly  be  deemed  a  matter  of 
concern  to  the  Presbyterian  church,  is  fully  as  great  as  at 
Princeton,  or  even  greater. 

But  there  are  other  colleges  besides  Princeton  which  our 
church,  in  her  literature  and  through  pulpit  utterances,  holds 
up  before  men  as  her  contribution  to  the  educational  forces  of 
our  country.  How  many  students  do  they  reach?  Lafayette, 
with  all  the  enthusiasm  of  a  new  and  vigorous  regime,  had  last 
year  but  306,  about  five-eighths  the  number  of  Presbyterian 
students  at  Ann  Arbor.  Hamilton,  the  pride  of  our  church  in 
New  York  State,  had  last  year  141  students,  less  than  one-third 
of  the  number  of  Presbyterian  students  at  the  University  of 
Michigan.  But  what  of  the  better  established  colleges  further 
west,  to  which  our  church  points  with  so  much  satisfaction  and 
hope  ?  Count  them  together  on  the  statistical  basis  mentioned : 

University  of  Wooster/in  Ohio,  with  244  students. 

Wabash  College,  in  Indiana,  with  157  students. 

Hanover  College,  in  Indiana,  with  110  students. 

Lake  Forest  College,  in  Illinois,  with  122  students. 

Parsons  College,  in  Iowa,  with  100  students, 
and  you  have,  all  told,  in  the  five  strongest  Presbyterian  edu- 


10      The  Presbyterian  Church  and  University  of  Michigan 

cational  institutions  between  the  Gre.at  Lakes  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  733  resident  students  of  collegiate  rank,  about  one 
and  one-half  as  many  as  the  Presbyterian  students  on  the 
campus  at  Ann  Arbor.  Further,  suppose  that  we  unite,  at  some 
intermediate  point,  Hamilton,  with  its  decades  of  tradition  and 
wide  influence,  and  Lake  Forest  College,  with  its  high  standard 
and  abundant  promise ;  we  find  but  263  students  in  attendance 
last  year,  less  than  two-thirds  the  number  of  Presbyterian  stu- 
dents at  the  University  of  Michigan.  Cast  into  one  common 
college  Wabash  and  Hanover  and  Parsons,  and  you  have  but 
367  students,  a  little  more  than  three-fourths  the  number  of 
Presbyterian  students  at  Ann  Arbor. 

There  is  also  a  group  of  institutions  which  the  Presbyterian 
church  has  taken  under  her  mantle  through  the  Board  of  Aid  for 
Colleges  and  Academies.  In  this  group  are  22  institutions, 
which  last  year  enrolled  a  total  of  588  students  of  collegiate 
rank,  or  a  little  more  than  26  Collegiate  students  apiece.  For 
these  students  the  church,  through  the  Board  of  Aid  and  direct 
contributions,  expended  an  average  of  $18.28  each,5  or  a  total  of 
$10,748.84.  Nearly  $11,000  expended  for  the  spiritual  care  and 
training  of  588  advanced  students  in  twenty-two  institutions. 
Truly  a  noble  work !  Yet  here  are  aggregated  in  one  center,  so 
that  they  can  be  gathered  in  a  single  hall  and  reached  by  the 
sound  of  a  single  voice,  nearly  as  many  of  the  church's  own  chil- 
dren, left,  so  far  as  the  church  at  large  is  concerned,  as  sheep 
having  no  shepherd. 

WHY  DOES   THE   CHURCH   NEGLECT   HER  OWN? 

I  have  heard  but  two  reasons  assigned  for  the  indifference 
of  the  Presbyterian  church  to  the  spiritual  interests  of  the  ag- 
gregation of  Presbyterian  students  at  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan, an  aggregation  which  in  some  respects  has  no  parallel  else- 
where. 


Total  contributions  (average  $32.78),  $19,274.64.    See  Table  II.,  p. 29. 


Why  does  the  Church  neglect  her  own  11 

The  first  is  that  the  University  of  Michigan  does  not  send 
forth  ministers,  and  that,  as  the  rearing  of  an  educated  and  effi- 
cient ministry  is  the  first  aim  of  denominational  institutions,  the 
church  has  no  ground  of  direct  interest  in  a  State  University 
whose  students  go  into  other  walks  of  life.  What  are  the  facts 
in  the  case?  Mr.  Delos  F.  Wilcox,  a  graduate  student  of  the 
University  of  Michigan  and  a  trained  investigator,  last  year  de- 
voted much  time  for  six  months  to  collecting  and  arranging  data 
bearing  upon  the  question,  What  has  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan done  in  the  way  of  educating  ministers  and  missionaries? 
In  connection  with  this  work,  he  investigated  the  religious  and 
moral  tendencies  of  the  university  life  from  the  beginning  down 
to  the  present.  The  statistical  tables  prepared  by  him  speak 
for  themselves.  Interesting  as  many  of  the  data  are,  it  is  im- 
possible here  to  comment  on  them,  or  to  treat  them  in  detail. 
These  facts,  however,  stand  out  with  almost  startling  distinct- 
ness: 

1.  That  in  the  half  century  ending  in  1894  the  University  of 
Michigan  sent  out  at  least  299  clergymen  and  missionaries,  an 
average  of  about  six  for  each  graduating  class.6 

2.  That  the  ratio  of  ministers  to  the  classical  male  grad- 
uates declined  from  24.1  per  cent  in  the  decade  1845-1854  to  5.9 
per  cent  in  the  decade  1875-1884;  that  the  decade  1885-1894 
shows  a  marked  increase,  from  5.9  per  cent  to  8.3  per  cent.     At- 
tention is  here  directed  to  the  fact  that  in  this  decade  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Tappan  Presbyterian  Association  falls,  which  be- 
gan to  occupy  McMillan  Hall  in  1891  ;7  that  in  this  same  period 
come  the  development  of  the  Episcopal  guild  work  at  Harris 


6See  Table  X.,  p.  40. 

7Xote  the  percentages  of  Table  IV.,  p.  37. 

1890,  2.8  per  cent,  of  classical  graduates  entered  the  ministry. 

1891,  10.2  per  cent,  of  classical  graduates  entered  the  ministry. 

1892,  8.9  per  cent,  of  classical  graduates  entered  the  ministry. 

1893,  10.2  per  cent  of  classical  graduates  entered  the  ministry. 

1894,  15.2  per  cent,  of  classical  graduates  entered  the  ministry. 


12       The  Presbyterian  Church  and   University  of  Michigan 

Hall,  and,  more  recently  still,  the  organization  of  the  Wesleyan 
Guild,  which  is  already  inaugurating  measures  for  the  care  of 
the  Methodist  students. 

3.  That  of  the  classical  graduates  who  entered  the  minis- 
try in  the  classes  from  1845-1880,  thirty-eight,  nearly  one-fourth 
of  the  whole  number,  became  Presbyterian  clergymen. 

These  facts  seem  to  me  to  show  conclusively  that  on  the 
whole  the  proportion  of  graduates  entering  the  ministry  from 
the  University  of  Michigan  has  been  smaller  than  is  desirable, 
to  keep  the  balance  between  the  learned  professions.  But  the 
reasons  wrhy  this  is  true  are  not  far  to  seek.  First,  young  men 
who  intend  to  study  for  the  ministry  are  naturally  enough  urged 
to  go  to  denominational  institutions;  and  those  who  are  at- 
tracted to  the  University  of  Michigan  by  the  range  of  its  curri- 
culum are  often  obliged  to  run  the  gauntlet  of  dissuasion  on  the 
part  of  denominational  friends.  Again,  the  university  extends 
no  privileges  to  ministerial  students  in  the  way  of  free  tuition 
and  scholarships  provided  for  them  by  the  liberality  of  donors. 
In  the  third  place,  the  subject  of  the  ministry,  as  a  calling,  is 
not  set  before  the  students  so  constantly  and  so  prominently  as 
in  many,  by  no  means  all,  denominational  institutions.  In  cer- 
tain of  these,  as  we  all  know,  a  kind  of  pressure  often  forces 
into  the  ministry,  as  along  the  line  of  least  resistance,  men  with- 
out enough  of  either  brains  or  consecration  to  do  effective  re- 
ligious work.  I  have  known  such  to  be  carried  along  on  scholar- 
ship funds  only  to  be  a  drag  on  the  church  after  they  entered  the 
wrork,  usually  becoming  soured,  sooner  or  later,  because  think- 
ing that  the  church  and  the  world  owed  them  a  living  which 
they  somehow  failed  to  get.  Such  institutions  as  these  are  at 
one  extreme;  the  larger  state  universities  are,  from  the  nature 
of  the  case,  ai  the  other.  With  the  present  attitude  of  the 


6As  voiced,  for  example,  in  the  Report  of  the  Standing  Committee 
on  the  Board  of  Aid  for  College*  and  Academies,  approved  by  the 
General  Assembly  at  Saratoga,  May  23,  1894. 


Wit;/  docs  the-  Church  neglect  her  -own  18 

Presbyterian  church  toward  the  state  universities8  the  wonder 
is,  not  that  the  University  of  Michigan  sends  so  few  into  the 
Presbyterian  ministry,  but  that  it  ever  sends  any  at  all.9 

The  second  reason  for  the  church's  neglect  is  to  be  found  in 
a  -feeling,  more  general  in  the  east  than  in  the  west,  that  the 
State  University  is  only  a  temporary  affair,  which  will  be  po- 
litely but  decisively  bowed  out  of  existence  by  the  denomina,- 
tional  institutions  Avhen  these  shall  have  become  stronger  and 
richer;  and  that  its  decline  will  be  rapid  and  sure  in  the  meas- 
ure that  its  activities  are  either  scrupulously  ignored  by  denomi- 
national leaders,  or  visited  with  sweeping  condemnation.  It 
needs  no  words  of  mine,  in  this  presence,  to  refute  the  belief, 
now  held  by  very  few,  that  the  University  of  Michigan  is  in  any 
special  sense  the  source  of  evil  tendencies.  The  moral  tone  of 
its  student  life  is  just  as  high  as  that  of  any  other  institution  of 
somewhere  near  equal  numbers.10  To  be  specific,  so  far  as  I 
have  been  able  to  judge  from  various  lines  of  evidence,  it  is  just 
as  high  as  that  of  Yale  or  of  Princeton.  In  matters  of  this  kind 
it  is  necessary  not  to  let  prejudice,  or  induction  from  insufficient 
data,  warp  our  conclusions.  When,  as  a  student,  I  for  the  first 
time  met  students  from  an  eastern  Presbyterian  college,  there 
was  a  party  of  six;  and  of  these  three  became  intoxicated  before 
they  returned.  Should  I  on  that  account  indulge  in  charges 
against  the  high  standards  of  conduct  a.nd  strong  discipline  that 
have  ahvays  been  characteristic  of  that  college?  When  the  life 
at  Ann  Arbor  has  been  spoken  against  I  have  found  it  expedient 
to  inquire  howr  many  students  the  critic  has  personally  known, 
or  known  on  sound  evidence,  to  have  been  misled  because  of 

8'It  is  an  encouraging  fact,"  says  Professor  R.  T.  Ely  (in  The  King- 
dom, 7  June,  1895),  "that  in  the  State  University  of  Minnesota  there 
have  been  in  recent  years  relatively  more  students  who  intended  to 
enter  the  ministry  than  in  Yale  College." 

"Interesting  testimony  regarding  religious  conditions  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan  may  be  found  in  an  article  on  "A  Working  Uni- 
veristy,"  by  Gertrude  Buck,  in  The  Golden  Rule  for  16  January,  1896. 


14       The  Presbyterian  Church  and   University  of  Michigan 

their  attendance  at  the  University  of  Michigan.  Probably  there 
are  some  weak  or  vicious  young  men  that  go  astray  at  all  insti- 
tutions, small  as  well  as  great.  On  the  other  hand,  if  personal 
observation  is  of  any  value,  there  is  a  considerable  proportion 
of  men  who  have  overcome  their  vicious  tendencies  at  the  Uni- 
versity and  have  gone  out  stronger  morally  and  religiously,  as 
well  as  intellectually,  than  when  they  entered.11  If  the  remarks 
formerly  often,  now  rarely  made  about  the  moral  tone  of  student 
life  at  the  University  of  Michigan  were  true,  how  has  it  hap 
pened  that  in  all  these  years,  with  so  many  young  ladies  at  the 
University,  away  from  home  and  mingling  freely  with  young 
men,  no  one  has  ever  dared  to  point  the  finger  of  accusation  at 
&  University  woman  student?  Surely,  had  they  been  well 
founded,  nothing  less  than  the  direct  and  constant  intervention 
of  an  overruling  Providence  could  have  prevented  scandals.  But 
if  the  influences  at  the  University  of  Michigan  were  as  bad  as 
thev  have  occasionally  been  represented  to  be,  would  it  be  the 
duty  of  a  great  religious  denomination  to  try  to  remedy  the  evil. 
or  to  gather  up  the  folds  of  its  garments  and  with  averted  face 


"By  reference  to  Tables  XL,  XII.,  (pp.  42-43),  it  will  be  seen  that 
In  the  year  1892-93,  50.9  per  cent,  of  all  the  men,  75.2  per  cent,  of  all 
.the  women  among  the  2,321  students  reached  by  the  census-takers,  were 
•  church-members,  and  that  out  of  the  2,321  students  only  325  were  not 
church-members  or  adherents.  Of  the  2818  students  in  attendance 
last  year,  only  576  were  women.  It  is  my  belief  that  there  is  now  less 
•drinking  among  students  at  Ann  Arbor  than  in  any  other  University 
center  in  Europe  or  America  where  approximately  near  the  same  num- 
Jber  of  young  men  (there  were  more  than  2,500  in  Ann  Arbor  last  year, 
counting  those  in  the  University,  the  University  School  of  Music  and 
the  High  School)  are  gathered  together.  The  development  of  athletic 
interests,  which  are  carefully  looked  after  by  a  Committee  of  the 
Senate,  and  the  new  Waterman  Gymnasium,  furnish  a  vent  for  animal 
spirits  that  might  otherwise  spend  themselves  in  dissipation.  There 
is  no  "fast  set;"  plenty  of  "fast  men"  come,  but  they  are  either  elim- 
inated by  the  University  authorities,  or  find  the  atmosphere  uncon- 
genial and  withdraw  before  they  give  cause  for  action.  In  matters  of 
discipline  the  authorities  of  a  State  University  enjoy  certain  advan- 
tages the  extent  and  significance  of  which  are  perhaps  not  generally 
appreciated. 


Is  the  State  University  here  to  stay  15 

pass  by  on  the  other  side?  What  would  be  the  proper  course 
for  a  Christian  church  to  pursue,  with  the  spiritual  interests  of 
so  many  of  its  own  children  at  stake? 

IS  THE  STATE  UNIVERSITY  HERE  TO  STAY? 

But  a  church  must  have  regard  for  the  future  as  well  as  for 
the  present.  The  University  of  Michigan  is  one  of  a  class.  The 
question  inevitably  suggests  itself :  Are  the  state  universities  of 
sufficient  stability  to  warrant  the  expenditure  of  effort  and  of 
funds,  on  the  part  of  the  church,  to  reach  and  help  their  stu- 
dents? 

For  historical  reasons,  which  are  so  obvious  that  they  do  not 
need  to  be  set  forth,  in  the  states  along  the  northern  seaboard 
colleges  and  universities  of  private  endowment  have  had  the 
field  almost  to  themselves.  But  west  of  New  York  and  Penn- 
sylvania denominational  institutions  have  no  such  foothold, 
while  in  at  least  three  states  the  state  university  has  so  far  out- 
stripped all  the  other  institutions  of  advanced  education  that 
under  existing  conditions  they  can  never  hope  to  catch  up.12 
It  may  be  that  the  University  of  Chicago  will  yet  find  a  serious 
rival  in  the  University  of  Illinois.13  From  present  indications 

"The  total  disbursements  of  the  University  of  Michigan  for  the 
year  1894-5  amounted  to  $434,231.92,  including  only  about  $55,000  for 
permanent  improvements;  the  enrollment  of  students  was  2,818,  not 
counting  those  who  came  to  the  Summer  School. 

The  enrollment  of  the  University  of  Minnesota  in  1894-5  was  1,928, 
or  with  the  Summer  School  students,  2,171;  income  (see  the  Catalogue, 
p.  11),  $225,500. 

The  attendance  at  the  University  of  Wisconsin  in  the  same  year 
was  1,520,  or,  including  students  of  the  Summer  School,  1,671;  total 
disbursements  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  September  30,  1894,  $393,734.60, 
including,  apparently,  about  $110,000  for  permanent  improvements. 

In  estimating  the  expenditure  of  several  of  the  State  Universities, 
account  should  be  taken  of  the  fact  that  the  same  amount  of  money  is 
made  to  go  further,  particularly  in  the  payment  of  salaries,  than  in  the 
larger  universities  of  private  endowment  situated  in  regions  where 
living  is  more  expensive. 

"Extract  from  a  letter  from  President  Draper,  dated  15  October, 
1895:  "The  last  Legislature  made  an  appropriation  of  $424,000  for  the 
purposes  of  the  State  University.  Of  this  sum  $150,000  was  for  a  new 
library  building,  and  $15.000  for  an  astronomical  observatory." 


16       The  Presbyterian  Church  and  University  of  Michigan 

the  growth  of  a  considerable  group  of  the  state  universities  bids 
fair  to  keep  pace  with  the  increase  in  population.14 

Our  higher  education  is  now  in  a  process  of  differentiation 
and  of  rapid  development.  According  to  present  tendencies,  the 
university  of  the  future  will  be  an  aggregation  of  schools  for 
specialists,  or  prof  essional  schools,  among  which  a  philosophical 
faculty,  represented  to-day  by  the  so-called  graduate  school,  will 
hold  a  prominent  place.  After  a  time  a  full  undergraduate 
course  will  be  reckoned  equally  essential  as  a  preparation  for  all 
advanced  studies;  and  it  is  highly  probable  that  this  under- 
graduate instruction  will  be  given  by  the  larger  city  high 
schools,  the  courses  of  which  will  be  extended  and  enriched,13  as 
well  as  by  the  denominational  colleges.  In  Chicago,  for  exam 
pie,  at  the  present  time,  a  six-year  high  school  course  is  open  to 
all  students;  and  our  Michigan  high  schools  occasionally  conduct 
pupils  over  the  work  of  the  whole  or  a  part  of  the  freshman 
year.  These  are  signs  of  the  times.  The  undergraduate  studies, 
which  may  easily  be  taught  in  many  local  centers,  tend  more 
and  more  to  be  distinguished  from  the  higher  or  professional 
work  of  the  university.  As  this  differentiation  goes  on,  and  the 
proper  work  of  the  university  is  further  developed,  the  cost  of 
advanced  instruction  increases,  at  an  almost  incredible  rate, 
partly  by  reason  of  continual  extension  of  the  salary  list,  partly 
because  of  more  ample  and  more  expensive  equipment  in  the 
way  of  books,  laboratories  and  apparatus.  The  modern  univer- 
sity methods  in  America,  as  in  Germany,  concentrate  the  work 
of  the  ablest  professors  upon  relatively  few  students.  In  the 

14The  statistics  given  by  Chancellor  Mac-Lean  are  surprising:  see 
p.  32. 

15The  writer's  views  on  this  point  were  stated  'more  in  detail  in 
an  address  on  "The  Future  of  the  High  School"  (before  a  Conference 
of  University  and  Preparatory  Teachers  at  the  University  of  Chicago, 
15  November),  published  in  an  abridged  form  in  the  Educational  Re- 
view for  February,  1806;  the  educational  position  of  the  high  school 
teacher  is  touched  upon  in  a  discussion  which  will  appear  in  the  School 
Review  for  September. 


Ts  the  /State   University  here  to  stay  17 

earlier  instruction  students  can  be  taught  almost  wholly  in 
larger  groups  or  classes ;  but  the  more  advanced  the  instruction 
the  more  individual  it  becomes,  till  one  occasionally  finds  men 
of  the  first  rank  in  ability  and  reputation  giving  their  attention 
chiefly  to  a  dozen  men  or  less.  Experience  has  shown  that  this 
is  the  sort  of  training  that  in  the  higher  fields  brings  the  best 
results,  and  there  can  never  be  a  return  to  the  methods  of  a  half 
century  ago.  The  expense  of  a  working  library  and  laboratory, 
or  collection  of  Illustrative  material,  is  great  for  each  of  the 
many  specialties ;  and  with  the  extension  of  research  along  all 
lines  the  expense  will  continually  increase.16 

From  these  and  other  considerations  wrhich  suggest  them- 
selves, it  is  evident  that  the  cost  of  university  instruction  is  no 
longer  what  it  was  twenty  or  even  ten  years  ago.  The  time  has 
already  come  when,  from  an  educational  point  of  view,  several 
of  the  largest  institutions  of  private  endowment  are  hardly 
equal  to  the  demands  which  press  upon  /them.  In  the  west, 
broadly  speaking,  the  educational  demands  are  in  advance  of 
the  amassing  of  material  resources.  If  the  state  universities 
did  not  exist,  it  is  more  than  doubtful  whether,  in  view  of  thm 
rapid  increase  of  population,  it  would  have  been  possible  for  pri- 
vate generosity  to  meet  the  needs  of  advanced  instruction.  The 
early  policy  of  the  Congregationalists  in  planting  denomina- 
tional schools  in  the  west  as  the  frontier  advanced  is  worthy  of 
all  praise.  The  results  of  it  have  been  of  incalculable  value  to 


16President  David  J.  Hill  (article  on  "The  Cost  of  Universities,"  in 
the  Forum  for  November,  1889,  pp.  297-304),  says:  "It  is  easy  for  any 
person  who  knows  anything  of  the  income  and  expenditures  of  our 
American  institutions,  to  see  from  these  data,  not  only  that  we  have 
not  any  that  correspond  in  kind  to  the  universities  of  the  highest  grade 
in  Germany,  but  that  we  never  can  have  them  without  further  en- 
largement of  our  conceptions  of  the  magnitude  and  cost  of  such  enter- 
prises." *  *  *  "In  almost  every  American  State  there  is  some  ex- 
isting educational  foundation  which  could  be  made  the  nucleus  of  a 
true  university,  and  which  is  financially  fit  to  receive  and  conserve 
large  sums  of  money." 


18      The  Presbyterian  Church  and  University  oj  Michigan 

our  country.  In  like  manner  the  policy  of  the  Presbyterian 
church  in  establishing  thorough  schools  in  new  regions  where 
society  is  just  organizing  itself,  is  to  be  commended  as  not  only 
far-seeing  from  a  religious  point  of  view,  but  also  patriotic.  But 
as  our  states  increase  in  population  and  resources,  and  the  duty 
of  providing  the  highest  education  is  fully  recognized  as  impera- 
tive, a  true  university  will  be  required  for  every  two  or  three 
millions  of  inhabitants.  In  the  larger  number  of  instances  this 
university,  from  th%  cost  of  it,  will  of  necessity  be  a  state  insti- 
tution; and  endowments  for  educational  purposes,  greater  in 
abundance  and  amount,  will  be  given  to  state  universities,  on 
account  of  the  security  of  the  investment.17  The  University  of 
Michigan  has  thus  far  received  gifts  amounting  in  the  aggregate 
to  more  than  half  a  million  dollars.18  This  does  not  include 
gifts  to  university  organizations,  or  organizations  which  have 
no  reason  of  being  apart  from  the  university,  amounting  to 
$175,000.00  more.19 

17See  Table  III.,  and  President  Angell's  comments,  p.  31. 

18 An  itemized  statement  is  given  in  The  University  Record,  Vol. 
IV.,  No.  4  (February,  1895),  pp.  99  and  100. 

Within  the  present  year  a  law  has  been  passed  requiring  the  State 
Treasurer  of  Michigan  to  receive  endowment  funds  offered  him  for 
the  University,  and  to  pay  interest  on  them  to  the  Treasurer  of  the 
University;  the  principal  being  used  for  State  purposes  (so  far  dimin- 
ishing the  amounts  to  be  raised  by  taxation),  the  State  is  bound  to  pay 
the  interest  forever.  This  is  the  most  secure  and  favorable  invest- 
ment of  funds  for  educational  purposes  yet  devised;  it  can  not  fail  to 
increase  greatly  the  gifts  of  endowment  funds  to  the  University  of 
Michigan.  The  text  of  this  law  is  given  in  The  President's  Report  to 
the  Board  of  Regents  for  the  year  ending  September  30,  1895,  pp. 
36.  37. 

"Distributed  as  follows: 

Students'    Christian   Association    $40,000  00 

Hobart  Guild  of  the  Episcopal  Church 85,000  00 

Wesleyan  Guild  of  the  Methodist  Church 8,000 

Tappan  Presbyterian  Association   42,000  00 

The  Wesleyan  Guild  has  purchased  property,  but  has  not  yet 
erected  a  building. 

The  largest  gifts  to  the  Tappan  Presbyterian  Association   have 
been  as  follows: 
Mrs.  H.  Louise  Doe  Sackett,  of  Ann  Arbor,  real  estate  and 

residence    $12,00000 

Hon.  James  McMillan,  of  Detroit,  "McMillan  Hall" 21,000  00 

Library  of  the  late  Rev.  Geo.  Duffield,  of  Detroit 5,000  volumes 

Library  of  the  late  Rev.  Richard  Atterbury 600  volumes 

The  librarv  at  McMillan  Hall  now  contains  6,000  volumes. 


Is  the  State  University  here  to  stay  19 

Generally  speaking,  the  financial  foundation  of  the  state  uni- 
versities, even  in  their  present  stage  of  development,  is  more 
secure  than  that  of  the  institutions  of  private  endowment;  for 
their  main  income  is  not  drawn  from  invested  funds,  which  may 
be  lost  by  unwise  investment,  or  frittered  away  in  meeting  cur- 
rent expenses.  Founded  on  the  organic  law  of  the  common- 
wealth, and  supported  by  taxation,  they  have  their  endowment 
in  the  resources  of  the  whole  people,  from  generation  to  genera- 
tion.20 Mischievous  legislation  may  disturb  them  momentarily ; 
but  as  our  standards  of  intelligence  and  of  political  administra- 
tion are  raised,  this  possible  source  of  harm  will  be  eliminated. 
The  state  university  will  not  be  cast  off  by  the  people,  because 
in  the  future,  as  now,  it  will  be  recognized  as  the  logical  con- 
tinuation and  completion  of  the  system  of  public  schools,  which 
has  been  set  as  the  corner-stone  of  our  civic  life,  and  must  be  re- 
garded as  fundamental  to  our  civilization.  From  the  primary 
school  to  the  high  school,  from  the  high  school  to  the  university, 
will  be  the  course  of  advancement  in  studies  in  the  future,  as 
to-day,  though  the  lines  of  cleavage  between  the  three  parts  of 
the  same  system  will  fall  at  different  points.  As  the  high  school 
has  already  become  our  national  type  in  secondary  education, 
so  the  American  university,  which  is  slowly  emerging  into  view, 
will,  as  a  type,  unquestionably  be  a  state  university.  The 
academies,  colleges  and  universities  of  private  endowment,  have, 
and  are  destined  to  have,  a  mission  of  the  highest  importance  to 
society.  Xo  one  who  has  analyzed  the  educational  tendencies 
of  the  past  decade  can  fail  to  be  impressed  with  the  rapidity 
with  wliich  our  educational  institutions  are  assuming  a  definite 
relation  to  one  another  and  are  settling  into  permanent  and 


20In  Michigan  the  University  receives  each  year,  independently  of 
special  appropriations,  a  tax  of  1-6  of  a  mill  on  all  the  taxable  prop- 
erty of  the  State;  the  amount  received  from  this  source  will  increase 
with  the  increase  of  valuation.  The  support  of  the  State  University 
in  several  other  States  is  guaranteed  by  a  similar  arrangement. 


20      The  Presbyterian  Church  and  University  of  Michigan 

typical  forms.21  Among  them  none  have  a  firmer  foundation 
than  the  state  universities.  These  have  gained  their  position — 
not  without  earnest  and  persistent  opposition — by  reason  of  the 
logic  of  events;  and  one  might  as  easily  arrest  their  develop- 
ment as  dam  Niagara  with  autumn  leaves. 


THE  CHURCH  CONFRONTED  WITH  A  CONDITION,  NOT  A 
THEORY. 

At  this  point,  believing  that  you,  who  are  familiar  with  the 
conditions,  will  probably  agree  with  me  in  regard  to  the  per- 
manency and  promise  of  the  institutions  for  higher  education 
supported  by  the  states,  I  am  sorely  tempted  to  offer  some  ob- 
servations on  the  relation  of  the  church  to  the  state  university; 
but  I  forbear.  You,  brethren  of  the  synod,  are  confronted  with 
a  condition,  not  a  theory.  Believing  that  an  educational  modus 
vivendi  between  the  religious  denominations  and  the  state  uiii- 


21Some  light  on  the  questions  suggested  by  the  last  statements  may 
be  gained  from  the  following: 

Martin,  Supervisor  G.  H.:  The  Evolution  of  the  Massachusetts  Pub- 
lic School  System.  New  York,  1894. 

Angell,  President  James  B.:  State  Universities  in  the  West.  Address 
before  the  Twenty-seventh  Convocation  of  the  University  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  1889.  In  the  Proceedings. 

White,   Andrew   D.:    The   Future   of   American    Universities.     In   the 

.       North  American  Review,  Vol.  151  (1890),  pp.  443-452. 

Hoist,  Professor  H.  von:  The  Nationalization  of  Education  and  the 
Universities.  In  The  Monist,  Vol.  3  (1893),  pp.  493-509. 

Hoist,  Professor  H.  von:  The  Need  of  Universitips  in  the  United 
States.  In  The  Educational  Review,  Vol.  5  (1893),  pp.  105-119. 

Butler,  Professor  N.  M.:  Introduction  to  Perry's  Translation  of  Paul- 
sen's  German  Universities.  New  York.  1895. 

Angell,  President  James  B.:  State  Universities.  Address  at  the 
Dedication  of  Academic  Hall  and  the  new  Department  Building 
at  the  University  of  Missouri, (  4  June,  1895.  Columbia,  Missouri. 
Published  by  the  University,  1895. 


A  Condition,  not  a  Theory  21 

versity  is  possible,  and  not  so  very  difficult  of  realization, 22 1  do 
not  wish  at  this  time  to  obscure  the  facts  by  a  discussion  of 
principles.  It  is  important  to  realize  that  the  foundations  of 
the  state  universities  are  secure,  that  their  influence  is  becom- 
ing every  year  a  larger  factor  in  the  culture  of  the  whole  coun- 
try and  of  the  world,23  and  that  at  the  present  time  our  State 


"Valuable  contributions  to  the  literature  of  this  subject  are  the 
following: 

Pierson,  Rev.  A.  T.,  with  Rev.  J.  A.  Wight,  Rev.  H.  P.  Collin,  Rev. 
Job  Pierson  and  Elders  W.  J.  Baxter,  E.  A.  Frazer  and  A.  J.  Aid- 
rich,  forming  a  special  committee  of  Synod:  The  Synod  of  Mich- 
igan and  the  State  University.  In  the  Minutes  of  the  Synod  of 
Michigan,  1882  (6  pp.). 

Frieze,  Professor  Henry  S.:  The  Relations  of  the  State  University  to 
Religion.  Address  before  the  graduating  classes  of  the  University 
of  Michigan  in  1887.  In  The  Semi-Centennial  Celebration  of  the 
Organization  of  the  University  of  Michigan.  [Ann  Arbor.  Pub- 
lished, by  the  University,  1888],  pp.  17-54.  Also,  printed  in  pamph- 
let form. 

Augell,  President  James  B.:  Religious  Life  in  Our  State  Universities. 
In  the  Andover  Review,  Vol.  13  (1890),  pp.  365-372. 

D'Ooge,  Professor  Martin  L.:  The  Religious  Life  of  the  University. 
In  Religious  Thought  at  the  University  of  Michigan.  Being  ad- 
dresses delivered  at  the  Sunday  morning  services  of  the  Students' 
Christian  Association.  [Ann  Arbor,  1893,  pp.  xii.,  247],  pp.  viii.-xii. 

Ely,  Professor  Richard  T.:  The  Universities  and  the  Churches.  Ad- 
dress before  the  Thirty-first  Convocation  of  the  University  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  1893.  Albany.  University  of  the  State  of  New 
York. 

Updike,  Rev.  Eugene  G.:     Christianity  and  the  State  University.     A 

Sermon  delivered  at  the  First  Congregational   Church,   Madison, 

Wis.     Madison.     Published   by   the   Christian   Associations   of   the 

University  of  Wisconsin,  1894. 

Ely,  Professor  Richard  T.:    The  Higher  Education  and  the  Churches. 

In  The  Kingdom  (Minneapolis),  7  June,  1895. 

Ely,  Professor  Richard  T.:  State  Universities.  In  The  Cosmopolitan 
for  October,  1895. 

"The  general  or  cosmopolitan  character  of  the  attendance  at  the 
University  of  Michigan  is  noteworthy.  Last  year  about  55  per  cent. 
(1,551)  of  the  2,818  students  were  residents  of  Michigan.  Of  the  1,267 
students  from  outside  the  State,  309  came  from  Illinois,  200  from  Ohio, 
and  109  from  Indiana;  Pennsylvania  stands  fifth  on  the  list  with  85 
students,  New  York  sixth,  with  73.  Not  to  mention  in  detail  the  num- 


22       The  Presbyterian  Church  and  University  oi  Michigan 

University  is  the  largest  of  its  class;  but  it  is  more  vital  to  tlie 
interests  represented  here  to-day  to  grasp  the  fact  that  the  sec- 
ond largest  Presbyterian  college  in  the  United  States,  in  point 
of  numbers,  is  at  this,  moment  a  part  of  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan. It  would  be  more  than  a  mere  waste  of  breath  to  say, 
"Let  the  Presbyterian  students  go  to  Presbyterian  institutions ;" 
the  number  increases  year  by  year.  Presbyterian  tax-payers 
give  their  full  share  toward  the  support  of  the  state  universities. 
Their  sons  and  daughters  will  continue  to  take  advantage  of  the 
educational  opportunities  which  are  open  to  them  by  right,  not 
by  sufferance,  nor  as  a  matter  of  patronage. 

What  shall  the  Presbyterian  church  do  for  the  Presbyterian 
students  at  Ann  Arbor?  This  question  is  of  course  somewhat 
concerned  with  that  more  remote  future,  when  the  University 
shall  have  become  purely  professional  in  its  work  and  aims;  but 
it  demands  solution  at  once  for  the  students,  undergraduate  and 
professional,  that  are  on  the  ground  now,  and  for  the  thousands 
that  will  follow  in  their  footsteps  during  the  next  few  years. 

The  chief  danger  to  student  life  in  the  collegiate  and  uni- 
A^ersity  period  lies  not,  as  so  often  assumed,  in  the  tendency  of 
those  naturally  weak  or  wayward  to  be  led  astray  by  evil  com- 
panions; it  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  highest  and  best  minds,  the 
most  earnest  and  candid  souls,  are  from  their  devotion  to  the 


ber  coming  from  more  distant  Western  States  and  Territories  ("every 
State  in  the  Union  is  represented  except  Nevada"),  Massachusetts 
and  the  Province  of  Ontario  furnished  each  the  same  number,  23; 
from  New  Hampshire  came  7,  from  Maine,  New  Jersey  and  North 
Carolina,  each  4,  from  Texas  11,  from  Vermont,  the  District  of  Col- 
umbia, Florida,  Louisiana  and  Oklahoma,  each  3;  from  Maryland,  Vir- 
ginia and  West  Virginia,  each  2;  from  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island,  1 
each.  Foreign  countries  were  represented  as  follows:  Germany  5, 
China  4,  England  3;  Mexico,  Province  of  Quebec,  New  Brunswick, 
Scotland,  and  Switzerland,  each  2;  and  the  Argentine  Republic,  Bar- 
badoes,  Bulgaria,  Italy,  Japan,  South  Africa,  Sweden,  each  1.  The 
full  summarj'  by  States  and  by  departments  is  given  in  the  Calendar 
for  1894-95,  pp.  295-296. 


A  (Jondition,  not  a  Theory  23 

pursuit  of  knowledge  liable  to  experience  a  deadening  of  the 
spiritual  consciousness.  Those  students  in  whom  is  revealed 
the  most  marked  capacity  for  large  service  to  humanity,  may 
thus  go  forth  with  the  highest  part  of  their  natures  undeveloped, 
lacking  that  spiritual  force  which  multiplies  ten-fold  the  in- 
fluence of  every  kind  of  ability  for  good  work  in  the  world.  In- 
tensity of  intellectual  life,  from  the  very  juxtaposition  of  minds 
interested  in  many  fields  of  thought,  but  all  bent  upon  like  ends, 
seems  to  increase  with  the  size  of  universities.  Time  alon,e  will 
tell  whether,  after  taking  into  account  all  antecedent  and  im- 
mediate conditions,  students  in  great  institutions  of  private  en- 
dowment are  less  subject  to  this  atrophy  of  the  spiritual  nature 
than  those  in  state  universities  of  the  same  size.  Freedom  of 
research  must  and  wrill  be  maintained.  But  it  seems  to  have 
escaped  the  notice  of  many  that  no  form  of  endowment  has  yet 
been  devised  that  will  guarantee  the  presentation  of  truth  or 
doctrine  from  precisely  the  same  point  of  view  from  one  century 
to  another;24  and  that,  on  the  other  hand,  there  is  no  apparent 
reason  why  a  university  supported  by  tax-payers,  the  great  ma- 
jority of  whom  believe  in  Christianity,  should  necessarily  be  hos- 
tile to  Christianity  in  the  tone  of  its  instruction. 

Experience  has  shown,  it  seems  to  me,  that  the  remedy  to 
meet  this  defect  in  advanced  education,  to  offset  the  tendencies 
that  make  for  the  effacement  of  the  spiritual  life,  cannot  be 
found  in  the  activity  of  the  local  churches  in  university  towns, 
no  matter  how  earnest  and  efficient  they  may  be.  It  must  lie  in 
teaching,  not  so  much  in  the  teaching  of  religion  as  in  the  teach- 
ing of  the  Bible;  and  that,  too,  from  the  English  form  as  a  start- 
ing point.  It  is  not  enough  to  give  courses  in  Hellenistic  Greek 


''Numerous  and  cogent  illustrations  of  the  fate  of  restrictive  re- 
ligious endowments  will  occur  to  anyone  familiar  with  the  history  of 
education.  The  subject  is  touched  upon  by  Dr.  .T.  G.  Fitch  in  a  paper  on 
"Endowments,"  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Second  Annual  Convention 
of  the  College  Association  of  Pennsylvania,  1888,  pp.  20-50. 


24      The  Presbyterian  Church  and  University  of  Michigan 

and  in  Hebrew,  as  the  University  now  does,  with  the  minute 
study  of  portions  of  the  Scriptures  in  those  tongues.  These 
courses  from  the  nature  of  the  ca.se  are  available  for  only  a  small 
number  of  students,  and  are  linguistic  in  their  scope.  Courses 
should  be  offered  which  will  undertake  the  interpretation  of  the 
Bible  as  literature,  as  history  and  as  philosophy.  Into  them 
should  go  a  scholarship  second  to  that  of  no  other  chair,  ex- 
pressed through  the  medium  of  a  warm  and  earnest  spiritual 
nature.  This  proposition  needs  neither  amplification  nor  justi- 
fication before  you.  The  careful  avoidance  of  the  Bible  in 
courses  of  instruction,  cutting  off  from  those  interested  in  it  the 
possibility  of  a  scientific  study  of  it  under  a  master  of  intellec- 
tual grasp  and  standing,  may  well  leave  upon  the  student  the 
impression  that  the  Book  of  Books  is  after  all  only  a  matter  for 
ministers  and  Sunday  School  children. 

This  instruction  in  the  Bible  cannot  be,  and  ought  not  to  be, 
given  at  the  expense  of  the  state.  This  proposition,  as  the  other, 
needs  only  to  be  stated  to  be  accepted  by  you.  But  that  a 
church  has  a  right  to  offer  to  its  own  student  members  and  ad- 
herents, grouped  in  any  center,  such  instruction  in  the  Bible  as 
it  may  deem  expedient,  no  one  will  for  a  moment  question. 
Whether  a  part  of  this  instruction,  when  elected  and  taken  as 
any  other  study  by  those  already  in  a  State  University,  can  be 
made  of  such  a  character  that  it  may  properly  receive  credit  on 
the  records  of  the  University  towards  a  diploma,  is  a  question 
that  need  not  be  raised  here ;  it  belongs  to  the  category  of  ques- 
tions that  can  be  settled  only  after  both  deliberation  and  experi- 
ment. It  is  perhaps  worth  while  to  add  that  nowhere  else  will 
the  conditions  be  found  more  favorable  for  working  out  the 
problem  of  giving  religious  instruction  to  the  students  of  a  State 
University  than  at  Ann  Arbor;  and  that,  as  the  eyes  of  other 
State  Universities  are  fixed  upon  the  University  of  Michigan,  a 


A  Condition,  not  a  Theory  25 

happy  solution  of  the  problem  here  would  be  of  inestimable 
value  to  the  religious  interests  of  kindred  institutions. 

It  is  surprising  that  the  Presbyterian  Church  did  not  long 
ago  recognize  Ann  Arbor  as  a  strategic  point  of  the  highest 
importance,  that  the  Church  has  remained  blind  to  her  own  in- 
terests in  this  matter.25  Does  the  Church  need  ministers?  Let 
her  come  and  get  them,  by  placing  the  claims  of  the  ministry 
before  students  of  her  own  nurturing,  who  are  bright  in  mind 
and  quick  of  sympathy,  who  are  halting  between  opinions  re- 
garding their  choice  of  a  life-work.  Let  the  Church  put  a  tide- 
mill  in  this  channel,  and  generate  a  spiritual  force  that  will  be 
felt  in  every  part  of  our  country.  Here  can  be  grasped,  in  a 
single  hand,  a  network  of  influence  that  will  reach  out  in  every 
direction  to  limits  that  no  man  can  reckon.  The  students  are 
here !  They  do  not  need  to  be  driven  in  from  highways  and  by- 
ways, and  coaxed  and  coddled  into  an  education.  A  manlier, 
stronger  collection  of  students,  in  brain  and  character,  does  not 
anywhere  exist.  These  lives,  fresh  in  their  enthusiasm  and 
hope,  are  dynamos;  let  the  Church  lend  to  them  a  motive  power 
and  they  will  send  a  spiritual  thrill  to  the  uttermost  parts  of  the 
earth. 

Upon  you,  Brethren,  of  the  Synod  of  Michigan,  rests  the 
weight  of  a  grave  responsibility.  This  Synod  has  more  than 
once  put  itself  on  record  regarding  the  importance  of  the  work 
at  Ann  Arbor.  As  a  layman,  and  one  approaching  the  subject 
from  an  educational  point  of  view,  it  is  not  for  me  to  remind 
you,  so  many  of  whom  are  clergymen,  of  your  duty.  The  Presby- 
terian Church  in  Michigan  has  been  blessed  beyond  her  sister 
churches  in  material  resources  and  in  the  number  of  highly  edu- 
cated and  powerful  men  enlisted  in  her  ministry;  probably  no 


25The  conclusion  arrived  at  by  Mr.  Wilcox,  after  some  months  of 
work  collecting  the  testimony  and  statistics  presented  on  pp.  36-43,  ip 
emphatic  and  well  worth  recording;  see  p.  33. 


26       The  Presbyterian  Church  and  University  of  Michigan 

other  ecclesiastical  body  in  the  State  is  at  present  capable  of 
wielding  a  greater  influence.  For  the  good — I  do  not  say  of  the 
Church,  for  that  is  too  narrow  a  vieAv — for  the  good  of  humanity, 
for  the  cause  that  makes  for  righteousness  in  the  world,  this 
work  must  be  strengthened  by  you.  Time  and  again  you  have 
heard  from  our  pastor  at  Ann  Arbor  that  a  struggling  church 
in  a  small  city,  without  a  wealthy  membership,  can  not  pos- 
sibly provide  for  the  needs  of  this  array  of  Presbyterian  stu- 
dents. You  know  also  that  the  work  is  utterly  beyond  the  reach 
of  professors,  whose  hands  are  full  with  the  exacting  require- 
ments of  university  specialties.  You  have  been  informed  that 
the  generosity  of  friends  has  provided  a  building  suitable  for 
the  work,  and  the  nucleus  of  a  library;  you  have  more  than  once 
been  reminded  that  the  self-sacrificing  help  of  a  fewr  brethren  in 
the  ministry  has  made  it  possible  to  do  a  small  work  in  a  small, 
hand-to-mouth  way,  yet  with  most  gratifying  results.  And  our 
needs  are  known  to  you.  The  amount  of  two  thousand  dollars  a 
year,  or  an  endowment  producing  that  sum,  for  current  ex- 
penses, is  a  very  small  matter  for  a  Synod  with  resources  such 
as  this  Synod  has.  But  above  all  else,  send  us  a  man!  Station 
at  Ann  Arbor  the  man  of  largest  intellect,  the  most  scholarly 
man,  the  man  with  most  profound  knowledge  of  the  Bible  as  a 
specialty,  the  man  of  broadest  sympathies  and  of  deepest  spiritu- 
ality, that  can  be  found  anywrhere.  Let  his  courses  in  the  Bible 
be  just  as  scholarly,  just  as  thorough,  just  as  inspiring  and 
scientifically  strong  as  any  course  offered  by  a  university  pro- 
fessor anywhere.  Pay  such  a  man  whatever  may  be  necessary ; 
wThat  is  a  salary  of  |3,000  or  f  5,000  a  year  in  comparison  with 
the  importance  of  the  work,  or  wrhen  measured  by  the  expendi- 
tures of  our  Church  in  other  fields?  But  do  not  longer  delay, 
while  the  golden  opportunity  to  cherish  and  mould  the  Church's 
own  in  this  center,  so  full  of  intellectual  vitality,  is  slipping 


A  Condition,  not  a  Theory  27 

away.    Resolutions  of  commendation  are  pleasant  enough,  but 
the  time  has  now  come  for  action. 

During  the  six  years  of  my  connection  with  the  University  of 
Michigan,  I  have  heard  a  good  deal  about  the  interest  of  the 
Synod  of  Michigan  in  the  work  concerning  which  I  have  spoken. 
I  ask  you  frankly,  What  tangible  evidence  is  there  of  it?  If 
Presbyterian  students  come  to  Ann  Arbor  from  your  churches, 
and  from  the  churches  of  your  brethren  in  other  states  and 
countries,  and  are  there  weaned  from  the  things  of  the  spirit, 
and  through  an  unsymmetrical  development  let  the  training  of 
intellect  choke  out  the  spiritual  life,  if  so  they  make  shipwreck 
of  their  careers,  their  blood  will  be  required  at  your  hands. 
Some  day  the  Church  will  awaken  to  the  significance  of  all  this. 
The  Presbyterian  Church  moves  slowly,  but  when  once  it  goes 
forward  it  moves  with  the  irresistible  momentum  of  a  profound 
conviction.  Some  day  the  Church  will  stand  before  you  with 
downcast  face,  and  with  a  voice  of  ineffable  sadness  will  say, 
"Men  of  the  Synod  of  Michigan,  when  you  had  in  your  midst  this 
precious,  precious  charge,  why  did  you  not  tell  me?  Why  did 
you  not  pursue  me  until,  as  the  unjust  judge,  I  turned  and  ren- 
dered justice  to  your  cause?  Why  did  you  feed  to  my  beloved 
children  the  husks  of  commendatory  resolutions  when  they 
needed  the  Living  Bread  to  sustain  the  spiritual  life?"  Con- 
fronted thus,  will  you  have  the  shadow  of  an  excuse  to  offer  in 
justification  of  your  indifference  and  neglect? 


28        The  Presbyterian  Church  and  University  of  Michigan. 


TABLE   I. 

SUMMARY  OF  CALLING-LIST  OF  PRESBYTERIAN  STUDENTS 
AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN,  COMPILED  BY  MR.  B. 
H.  KROEZE,  STUDENT-SECRETARY  OF  THE  TAPPAN  PRES- 
BYTERIAN ASSOCIATION,  1  OCTOBER  TO  30  DECEMBER, 

1894: 

Department  of  Literature,  Science  and  the  Arts- 
Men.  Women.    Total. 

Members  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 112  68 

Students   of   Presbyterian   preference 62  15 

174  83    257 
Department  of  Law- 
Members  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 40               1 

Of   Presbyterian   preference    27  0 


07  1       C>S 

Department  of  Medicine  and  Surgery- 
Members  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 30  4 

Of  Presbyterian   preference    17  1 


47  5      52 

Department  of  Dental  Surgery— 

Members  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 12  1 

Of  Presbyterian   preference    5  0 


17  1      18 

Department  of  Pharmacy — 

Members  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 2  0 

Of  Presbyterian   preference    4 

6  6 

311  90    401 

Mr.  Kroeze's  list  contained  also  the  names 

of  49  Presbyterian  students  in  the  Ann  Arb?r 

High  School,  distributed  as  follows: 

Boys.       Girls. 

Members  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 21  8 

Of  Presbyterian  preference    14  6 


35  14      49 

On  the  list  were  the  names  of  25  University  students  who  at- 
tended no  church  regularly,  but  came  to  the  Presbyterian 
Church  as  often  as  to  any 25 

The  total  number  of  students  registered  by  Mr.  Kroeze  in  the  three 
months  and  considered  by  him  properly  under  the  care  of  the 
Church  was.  therefore  475 


Students  under  Presbyterian  Board  of  Aid 


29 


TABLE  U. 

AVERAGE   COST  TO   THE   BOARD   AND   TO   THE   CHURCH   OF 

STUDENTS  IN  AIDED  INSTITUTIONS  WHICH 

HAVE  COLLEGE  STUDENTS,  1S94-95.20 


-2s  « 
Institutions        <a% 

1894-95.              'Sola  h  £ 

a*  || 

O  O02 

Albany,   Oregon    . .     27  106 

Albert  Lea,  Minn.  .     13  37 

Alma,  Michigan  ...     38  117 

Bellevue,  Neb 21  66 

Coates,  Ind 25  93 

Emporia,  Kas 70  40 

Dubuque,  Iowa    ...     32  7 

Greenville  £  T.Tenn    42  116 

Hastings,  Neb.  ...     30  52 

Montana 22  58 

Occidental,  Cal.  ...     21  52 

Oswego,   Kas    36  19 

Pierre,  S.  D 11  72 

Washington,  Tenn  .     46  84 

Southwest,  Col ....     14  45 

Whitworth,  Wash  .     42  25 

Brookfield,  Mo.  .    ..     24  154 

Buena  Vista,  la 9  104 

Gale,  WTis 7  65 

Glen  Rose,  Tex 4  47 

Lewis.    Kas 2  293 

Princeton,  Ky 52  58 

588  1.710 

Total 2,298 


00  >5 

OO  <JOQ 

$1,400  $10.52 

500  10.00 


1,250 
1,000 
1,000 

800 

500 

1,250 

1,000 

1,COO 

750 

1,000 

500 

500 

1,200 

500 

800 

800 

2,000 

650 


14.36 

8.47 

9.09 

2.05 

3.16 

15.24 

12.50 

13.69 

13.63 

12.04 

3.84 

8.47 

17.91 

2.75 

7.07 

15.68 
6.82 
5.90 


OH 


$    201 

$  1.51 

$12.03 

1,727 

34.54 

44.54 

6,296 

40.61 

40.61 

1.142 

13.12 

27.48 

23.039 

195.24 

203.71 

7,587 

68.97 

78.06 

1,506 

39.39 

41.44 

421 

2.66 

5.82 

2,480 

30.24 

45.4S 

8,153 

101.91 

114.41 

2,687 

36.80 

50.49 

729 

13.25 

26.88 

637 

7.55 

19.59 

2,082 

16.01 

19.85 

I,6fi6 

28.23 

36.70 

162 

2.41 

20.32 

1.000 

5.50 

8.25 

2,057 

18.20 

25.27 

1.391 

19.31 

19.31 

405 

9.90 

25.58 

566 

1.89 

8.71 

1.007 

9.15 

15.05 

$18.400    $  8.00    $66.941     $24.78    $32.78 


The  following  amounts  were  contributed  on  payment  of  old  indebt- 
edness or  to  erect  buildings,  and  should  be  deducted  from  the  amount 
contributed  by  churches,  etc.,  to  arrive  at  the  amount  of  contributions 
for  current  expenses: 


Coates,  Ind $20,000 

Emporia.  Kas 5.000 

Montana 6.000 

Occidental,  Cal 1.000 

Washington,  Tenn 1,500 


$25.75 

23.51 

26.91 

23.08 

4.47 


$34.22 

32.60 

39.41 

36.77 

8.31 


Deduct  $33,500,  leaving „  $33,441        $10.20        $18.28 


26Compare  also  the  Eleventh  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Aid  for 
Colleges  and  Academies  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  Chicago,  1894. 


30 


The  Presbyterian  Church  and  University  of  Michigan 


TABLE  III. 

PRIVATE   GIFTS   TO    SEVERAL   STATE    UNIVERSITIES    UP    TO 

THE  BEGINNING  OF  THE  COLLEGIATE 

YEAR,  1895-96.27 

University  of  California,  at  Berkeley $1,957,305.00 

University  of  Colorado,  at  Boulder - 26,432.66 

University  of  Indiana,  at  Bloomington: 

From  Monroe  County $  50,000.00           50,000.00 

University  of  Minnesota,  at  Minneapolis...  154,566.8128 
University  of  Missouri,  at  Columbia: 

From  Boone  County   257,000.00 

Prom  the  A.  W.  Collins  fund 40,000.00        297.000.0028 

Ohio  State  University,  at  Columbus: 

From  Franklin  County    300,000.00 

From  individuals 201,000.00         501,000.00 

University  of  Oregon,  at  Eugene 73,000.00 

University  of  South  Dakota,  at  Vermillion . .  47,079.57 

University  of  Texas,  at  Austin 95,000.00 

West  Virginia  University,  at  Morgantown. .  51,000.00 

University  of  Wisconsin,  at  Madison 84,400.00s0 


37See  The  University  Record,  Vol.  IV.,  No.  4  (February,  1895),  pp. 
97-100. 

MIn  addition  to  various  scholarship  funds  and  prizes,  the  income  of 
which  is  available,  the  principal  not  yet  having  been  turned  over  to 
the  University.  Other  gifts  also  "have  been  made  to  the  University, 
but  not  yet  become  available." 

29Also  "The  James  S.  Rollins  scholarship  fund  being  5  per  cent 
upon  $6,000.00." 

30 After  these  figures  were  published,  gifts  amounting  to  $180,000.00* 
to  the  University  of  Kansas,  at  Lawrence,  were  reported. 


Gifts  to  State* Universities  31 


PRESIDENT  ANGELL  ON  GIFTS  TO  STATE  UNIVERSITIES. 


In  regard  to  the  figures  given  in  Table  III.,  President  Augell  re- 
marks: 

"There  are  at  least  three  reasons  why  the  State  Universities  have 
not  been  so  generously  aided  by  private  munificence  as  could  be  de- 
sired. 

"First,  they  are  found  in  the  younger  States,  where  wealth  has  not 
fteen  accumulated  so  largely  as  in  the  East,  and  where  all  the  capital 
has  been  needed  in  the  development  of  industries. 

"Secondly,  there  was  serious  mismanagement  in  the  earlier  history 
of  most  of  the  State  Universities.  The  lands  given  by  the  United  States 
were  in  many  cases  sold  at  too  low  prices,  so  that  the  original  endow- 
ment was  largely  sacrificed.  Bitter  controversies  arose  too  often  over 
the  conduct  of  the  affairs  of  the  institutions.  These  facts  discouraged 
generous  men  from  giving  to  them.  They  doubted  whether  endow- 
ments which  they  might  make  would  be  cared  for  and  prudently  and 
efficiently  managed. 

"Thirdly,  as  the  States  increased  in  wealth  and  appropriated  funds 
with  some  liberality  to  their  Universities,  not  a  few  men  of  wealth 
excused  themselves  from  making  donations  to  those  institutions  by 
affirming  that  the  States  were  rich  enough  to  furnish  all  the  help 
needed. 

"But  the  figures  given  above  furnish  gratifying  evidence  that  the 
former  reluctance  of  large-hearted  men  and  women  to  contribute  to 
the  strengthening  of  State  Universities  is  rapidly  disappearing.  When 
we  remember  how  young  are  some  of  the  institutions  named,  we  must 
regard  the  showing  as  very  creditable  and  encouraging.  We  have  no 
doubt  that  henceforth  important  gifts  to  them  will  be  much  more  fre- 
quent. For  there  can  no  longer  be  any  doubt  that  the  State  Univer- 
sities are  here  to  stay,  and  that  with  probably  one  or  two  exceptions 
the  State  University  is  to  be  the  strongest  and  most  important  Univer- 
sity in  each  State  west  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  The  old  ques- 
tioning about  their  merits  and  their  probable  duration  has  come  to  an 
end.  The  States  have  put  too  much  money  into  the  plant  to  think  of 
abandoning  them.  By  accepting  grants  of  lands  they  have  put  them- 
selves under  bonds  to  cherish  the  Universities.  The  work  which  these 
institutions  have  done  and  are  doing,  so  much  larger  and  more  varied 
than  that  of  the  ordinary  incorporated  college  in  the  West,  valuable 
as  that  is,  has  commended  them  to  the  public,  which  could  not  now  be 
persuaded  to  dispense  with  them. 


32       The  Presbyterian  Church  and   University  of  Michigan 

"The  States  have  so  fully  evinced  their  determination  to  maintain 
them  that  the  stability  of  their  existence  may  be  said  to  be  assured. 
Moreover,  the  years  of  experience  which  the  authorities  of  them  have 
had  in  conducting  them  have  enabled  the  regents  or  trustees  to  inspire 
the  public  with  confidence  in  the  wisdom  and  steadiness  of  their 
management. 

"Therefore,  we  cannot  but  believe  that  men  and  women  of  means 
will  give  much  more  freely  in  the  future  to  the  State  Universities  than 
they  have  given  in  the  past." 


CHANCELLOR   MACLEAX   OX   THE    GROWTH   OF    THE 
STATE  UNIVERSITIES.-81 

"The  increase  in  the  attendance  upon  these  universities  is 
perhaps  unparalleled  in  the  annals  of  education.  The  total  num- 
ber of  students  in  eight  representative  State  Universities  (Cali- 
fornia, Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Nebraska, 
Wisconsin)  in  the  year  1885  was  4,230,  in  the  year  1895  the 
number  was  13,500,  an  increase  of  320  per  cent.  It  is  gratifying 
to  note  that  our  own  University  has  increased  from  373  students 
in  1885  to  1,550  students  in  1895,  a  percentage  of  increase  of  400 
per  cent,  something  unsurpassed  except  by  Minnesota's  unheard 
of  increase  of  777  per  cent. 

"The  increase  in  the  same  period  in  eight  New  England 
Colleges  and  Universities  (Amherst,  Bowdoin,  Brown,  Dart- 
mouth, Harvard,  Williams,  Wesley  an,  Yale)  is  20  per  cent. 
The  increase  in  eight  representative  dononiinational  colleges 
(Beloit,  Carleton,  Cornell,  Hillsdale,  Iowa  College,  Law- 
rence, Ripon,  St.  John's)  in  the  States  of  Michigan, 
Wisconsin,  Minnesota  and  Iowa,  is  14^  per  cent.  From 
these  statistics  it  is  evident  that  not  the  ratio  of  pop- 
ulation or  material  causes  account  for  the  gain  of  the  State 
Universities.  Among  the  many  causes  contributing  to  the  in- 
crease are  the  development  of  State  High  Schools,  the  enlarged 
wealth  of  the  State,  and,  above  all,  the  removal  of  the  fears  and 
prejudices  of  the  people  concerning  the  Universities.  The  prac- 

31From  the  inaugural  address  of  Chancellor  Mac-Lean,  14  February, 
1896,  as  reported  in  the  Nebraska  State  Journal  of  15  February. 


Duty  of  the  Churches  33 

tical  nationalization  of  education  in  the  public  school  system 
has  convinced  the  people  of  the  patriotic  design  and'  necessity 
of  the  entire  system,  including  the  Universities.  They  have 
passed  the  experimental  stage/' 


THE  DUTY  OF  THE  CHURCHES  TO  THE  STATE 
UNIVERSITY. 

"What  attitude,"  says  Mr.  Wilcox,  approaching  the  subject 
from  the  point  of  view  of  a  student  of  Social  Science,  "shall  the 
churches  assume  toward  the  State  University?  The  higher  in- 
stitutions of  learning  will  not  furnish  the  churches  wTith  a  min- 
istry unless  the  churches  are  willing  to  adjust  themselves  to  the 
new  conditions  of  life  which  present-day  developments  in  science 
and  industry  have  brought  about.  The  Church  can  save  its  life 
only  by  growth.  A  religion  that  is  true  for  the  life-needs  of 
to-day,  will  hold  its  own  on  the  open  field.  To  say  that  the  in- 
stitutions of  the  people  are  irreligious  is  simply  to  concede  that 
the  churches  have  no  grip  on  the  people  who  make  the  institu- 
tions ;  and  to  withdraw  the  forces  of  religion  from  these  institu- 
tions is  to  admit  that  the  battle  has  gone  against  Christianity, 
and  that  its  mission  henceforth  must  not  be  to  save  society,  but 
to  save  the  Church.  If  religion  is  to  be  an  active,  aggressive 
force  among  men,  why  not  make  the  centers  of  the  life  of  men 
the  centers  of  religious  effort  ? 

"In  a  letter  from  Rev.  Charles  Dunlap,  University  of  Michi- 
gan, Class  of  1855,  are  these  words: 

"  'In  later  years  the  churches  withdrew  their  students  for 
the  ministry  from  the  University,  and  sent  them,  as  they  have 
done  in  this  State  (Iowa)  in  the  Presbyterian  Church,  to  smaller 


34       The  Presbyterian  ChurcJt  and  University  of  Michigan 

colleges  of  their  own.  This  has  been,  in  my  opinion,  a  mistake. 
It  has  withdrawn  a  good  deal  of  the  religious  influence  from  the 
State  institutions,  where  it  was  needed,  and  brought  about  the 
condition  of  which  they  complain.' 

"The  fact  is  that  we  have  State  Universities  and  denomina- 
tional Colleges  coming  into  competition;  there  is  no  hope  that 
the  State  will  ever  withdraw  from  so  critical  and  extensive  a 
portion  of  the  educational  field  as  that  occupied  by  collegiate 
work.  In  the  face  of  these  conditions,  what  are  the  churches  to 
do  for  their  own  best  interests?  It  appears  to  me  that  they 
should  be  in  no  haste  to  found  any  more  small  colleges  in  fields 
already  occupied;  they  should  not  discourage  attendance  at 
State  Universities;  but  they  should  devote  a  fair  share  of  their 
energies  and  funds  to  the  strengthening  of  Christian  influences 
at  those  centers  of  educational  life." 


BEARING  UPON 


Religions  and  Moral  Tendencies 


AT  TEE 


UNIVERSITY  OF   MICHIGAN 


BY  DELOS  F.   WILCOX 


36       The  Presbyterian  Church  and  University  of  Michigan 


I.— THE  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 
TO  THE  MINISTRY  AND  MISSION  FIELDS. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  following  statistics,  I  have  used  as  sources 
of  information  the  General  Catalogue  of  1890,  Chase's  University  Book 
of  1880,  correspondence  with  alumni,  and  personal  knowledge  of  the 
last  years.  Owing  to  the  limitations  of  space,  a  large  part  of  the  matter 
collected  is  not  given.  I  have  aimed  to  present  only  that  which  seemed 
most  important. 

In  reckoning  percentages  of  clergymen,  I  have  taken  the  number 
of  male  classical  graduates  as  a  basis,  because  the  candidates  for  the 
ministry  in  the  later  years,  as  in  the  earlier,  nearly  always  took  the 
B.  A.  course;  while  the  other  degrees  pretty  nearly  represent  the  widen- 
ing of  collegiate  education  to  take  in  those  engaged  in  other  lines  of 
work,  formerly  unrepresented  in  college  circles. 

Table  IV.  shows  the  number  and  percentage  of  clergymen  from 
each  of  the  first  fifty  graduating  classes,  as  correctly  as  I  have  been 
able  to  ascertain.  There  are  reckoned  in  this  list  a  few  who  died 
while  pursuing  theological  studies,  or  before  they  had  fairly  started 
in  the  ministry;  a  few,  who  since  leaving  the  theological  seminary,  have 
given  most  of  their  time  to  educational  work;  and  a  few  who  entered 
the  ministry  with  seemingly  very  little  preparation  in  the  way  of 
formal  theological  study. 

Table  V.  shows  the  number  and  percentages  of  the  graduates  from 
1845  to  1880  who  have  entered  the  ministry,  law,  teaching,  and  business. 
The  facts  for  the  years  since  1880  are  too  unsettled  to  be  of  much 
value.  It  often  takes  a  good  many  years  for  a  college  graduate  to  find 
his  place  in  the  world. 

Table  VI.  gives  the  places  at  which  the  clergymen  of  the  first 
thirty-six  classes  received  their  theological  training. 

In  Tables  VII.  and  VIII.  the  numbers  of  clergymen  attending  the 
seminaries  of  the  different  denominations  are  given. 

Table  IX.  shows  the  distribution  of  missionaries  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan  in  the  various  fields,  the  number  of  graduates  and  non- 
graduates,  and  the  number  of  each  sex. 

Table  X.  gives  a  statistical  summary  of  the  religious  workers  who 
have  gone  out  from  the  University. 


Clergyman  from  the  University  of  Michigan 


TABLE  IV. 

CLERGYMEN    AMONG   THE    CLASSICAL   GRADUATES    OF    THE 
FIRST  FIFTY  CLASSES. 


No.  of 
Class.     B.  A.  Male 
Graduates. 
1845         12 

No.  of 
B.  A. 
Clergymen. 
o 

Clergymen 
Percentages.    with 
other  degrees. 
16.7 

1846 

17 

3 

17.6 

•  • 

1847 

12 

2 

16.7 

1848 

16 

4 

25.0 

1849 

24 

9 

37.5 

1850 

12 

3 

25.0 

1851 

10 

2 

20.0 

1852 

10 

4 

40.0 

1853 

11 

2 

18.2 

1854 

21 

4 

19.0 

1845-1854 

145 

35 

24.1 

1855 

15 

6 

40.0 

1856 

20 

2 

10.0 

1857 

28 

10 

35.7 

1858 

30 

4 

13.3 

1859 

27 

2 

7.4 

2 

1860 

21 

4 

19.0 

1861 

37 

5 

13.5 

1862 

37 

6 

16.2 

1863 

23 

1 

4.3 

1864 

22 

3 

13.6 

1855-1864 

260 

43 

16.6 

o 

1865 

21 

4 

19.0 

1866 

32 

4 

12.5 

1 

1867 

26 

7 

27.0 

1 

1868 

35 

2 

5.7 

1869 

23 

3 

13.0 

1870 

42 

5 

11.9 

1 

1871 

36 

6 

16.7 

1872 

57 

10 

.17.5 

1873 

40 

3 

7.5 

1874 

31 

3 

9.7 

1 

1865-1874 

343 

'   47 

13.7 

4 

1875 

38 

3 

8.0 

1876 

32 

1 

3.1 

1 

1877 

33 

2 

6.1 

1 

1878 

33 

1 

3.0 

1 

1879 

33 

2 

6.1 

1880 

33 

2 

6.0 

1881 

48 

2 

4.2 

1882 

37 

1 

2.7 

1 

1883 

46 

2 

4.7 

1884 

43 

6 

13.6 

1 

1875-1884 

376 

22 

5.9 

5 

38       The  Presbyterian  Church  and  University  of  Michigan 


TABLE  IV.— Continued. 


Class 


1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 


No.  of 
B.  A   Male 
Graduates. 

34 

43 

32 

39 

23 

36 

39 

45 

49 

46 


Xo.  of 

B    A. 

Clergymen. 

1 
4 
5 
0 
1 
4 
4 


Clergymen 
Percentages  with 

other  degrees. 
3.2  1 

2.3 
12.5 

12.8  2 

00.0  1 


1885-1894 


386 


1845-1894 


1510 


32 


179 


10.2 
8.9 
10.2 
15.2 
~~8T3~ 


10 
~2f 


TABLE  V. 

RELATIVE  PROPORTION  OF  CLERGYMEN,  LAWYERS,  TEACH- 
ERRAND  BUSINESS  MEN,  1845-1880. 

B.  A.        CLERGYMEN.        LAWYERS, 
Male 
CLASSES.  Gradu-       No.    Percent.      No.    Percent. 


TEACHERS. 


BUSINESS 

MEN- 
NO.  Per  cent.  No.  Per  cent 


1845-1854 
1855-1864 
1865-1874 
1875-1880 


145 
260 
343 

202 


35 
43 
47 
11 


24.1 

16.6 

13.7 

5.5 


61 

86 

130 

52 


42.1 
33.2 
38.1 
26.0 


17 
54 
66 

50 


11.7  14  9.7 

20.8  24  9.3 
19.4  49  14.4 
25.0  34  17.0 


1845-1880    950   136   14.3   329   34.8   187   19.8   121 

TABLE  VI. 
THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY  TRAINING,  1845-1880. 

Attended  no  Seminary,  or  seminary  not  ascertained..  ..          4S 

Union 2<> 

Auburn 17 

Chicago    9 

Princeton 7 

Andover « ( > 

General   6 

Yale    4 

Newton  

Kalamazoo  

Rochester   

Harvard  Divinity   School    

Nashotah   

Protestant  Episcopal  Theological  Seminary  of  Virginia . . 

Westminster,    Presbyterian    

Seabury   Divinity   School    

Lane   

Meadville   

Brunswick,  N.  J.,  Reformed  Church 

Oberlin 

Newburgh 

Garrett  Biblical  Institute   

Cumberland  

Baptist  Union,  Morgan  Park,  111 

Total  .  145 


Clergymen  from  the  University  of  Michigan  39 

TABLE  VII. 

DISTRIBUTION   OF   CLERGYMEN   FROM   CLASSES   OF   1845-1880 
BY  DENOMINATIONS  OF  THE   SEMINARIES. 

Presbyterian  Seminaries   54 

Congregational  Seminaries  20 

Protestant  Episcopal  Seminaries   10 

Baptist  Seminaries    8 

Unitarian  Seminaries   3 

Methodist  Seminaries  1 

Reformed  Church  Seminaries   1 

Total 97 

No  Seminary,  or  Seminary  not  ascertained 48 

Total 145 

TABLE  VIII. 

DISTRIBUTION   OF   CLERGYMEN   FROM   CLASSES   OF  1845-1880 
BY  DENOMINATIONS. 

Presbyterian    38 

Methodist 30 

Congregational 21 

Baptist , 13 

Protestant  Episcopal 12 

Lutheran  2 

Reformed   Church    1 

Unknown 28 

Total 145 

TABLE  IX. 
MISSIONARIES  FROM  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN. 

China 20 

Turkey 7 

India 6 

Japan  4 

Africa 3 

Burmah  3 

Corea 2 

Mexico  2 

Hawaiian  Islands 2 

Italy   2 

Bulgaria 2 

Syria 1 

Siam , 1 

Alaska 1 

Indians 1 

Total 57 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  MISSIONARIES  BY  DEPARTMENTS. 

Graduates    from    Department 

of  Medicine 36 

Graduates    from    Department 
of    Literature,    Science   and 

the  Arts  14 

Non-graduates 7 

Total  .  57 


40       The  Presbyterian  Church  and   University  of  Michigan 

TABLE  IX.— Continued. 

DISTRIBUTION  OP  MISSIONARIES  ACCORDING  TO  SEX. 

Men    28 

Women    29 

*  Total    ...  57 


TABLE  X. 

RELIGIOUS  WORKERS  FROM  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN, 

1845-1894. 

Classical  Graduate  clergymen  179 

Other  literary  graduate  clergymen 21 

Non-graduate  and  higher  degree  clergymen" 52 

Medical   missionaries    36 

Other  missionaries,   not  included  above 11 

Total    299 


II.— THE  STUDENTS'  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATION. 

"The  most  active  and  potent  religious  influence  in  the  University," 
says  Prof.  D'Ooge,33  "has  emanated  from  the  organization  known  as 
the  Students'  Christian  Association.  This  society  recently  celebrated 
the  thirty-fifth  anniversary  of  its  founding,  and  is  now  akcniowledge>d 
to  be  the  oldest  association  of  its  kind  in  this  country.  It  started  on 
its  career  under  the  most  prevalent  and  thorough  religious  awakening 
that  has  ever  come  to  bless  the  life  of  the  University,  an  awakening 
that  was  born  of  tlie  general  revival  that  swept  over  all  our  land  in 
1857  and  1858.  About  1872  it  took  charge  of  all  religious  work  in  the 
University,  organized  prayer-meetings,  instituted  Bible  classes,  and 
sought  to  develop  the  missionary  spirit  and  interest  in  the  work  of 
the  ministry  by  organizing  'Mission'  and  'Ministerial  Bands.'  The  re- 
ligious life  of  the  student  community  was  considerably  stirred  by  a 
spiritual  awakening  which  occurred  in  the  winter  of  1875. 

"Meanwhile  the  Christian  Association  has  enlarged  the  scope  of  its 
usefulness  by  conducting  mission  schools  in  and  about  the  city,  by 
holding  religious  services  in  the  hospitals,  and  by  assisting  newly 
arrived  students  in  finding  desirable  quarters  for  residence.  With  all 
the  good  work  thus  accomplished  by  this  religious  body,"  adds  Prof. 
D'Ooge,  writing  in  j.893,  "it  still  remains  true  that  for  some  reason  the 
interest  and  sympathy  of  the  student  community,  as  a  whole,  have  not 
been  enlisted  in  this  association  and  its  objects  to  the  extent  that  might 
have  been  expected." 


32This  list  is  probably  very  incomplete. 

""Religious  Thought  at  the  University  of  Michigan,"  pp.  ix.,  x. 


Students?  Christian  Association  41 

The  Students'  Christian  Association  occupied  its  fine  building,  New- 
berry  Hall,  in  1891.  In  1883  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  basis 
had  been  adopted,  making  evangelical  church  membership  a  condition  for 
active  membership  in  the  Students'  Christian  Association.  In  1892-1893 
after  much  discussion,  the  whole  membership  basis  was  changed.  The 
purpose  of  the  Association  was  embodied  in  Article  II.  of  the  Constitu- 
tion, as  follows:  "The  purpose  of  this  Association  is  to  lead  men  to  an 
earnest  study  of  the  Scriptures;  to  a  renunciation  of  sin;  to  a  knowledge 
of  Jesus  Christ  as  their  Divine  Lord  and  Savior;  to  the  acceptance  of 
His  words  and  the  Holy  Spirit  as  the  guide  of  life;  and  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  Christian  fellowship."  Each  candidate  for  active  membership 
was  required  to  sign  the  following  pledge:  "So  far  accepting  the  aim 
of  this  Association  that  I  can  work  in  harmony  with  its  members,  I 
agree  to  abide  by  its  laws  and  seek  its  prosperity;  I  desire  that  my  life 
be  guided  by  the  spirit  of  faith,  prayer,  and  love  which  animated  the 
life  of  Jesus  Christ;  I  will  cultivate  with  my  associates  a  Christian 
friendship  and  sympathy,  and  will  ever  strive  to  help  them  to  a  knowl- 
edge of  God  and  to  a  realization  of  the  spiritual  possibilities  of  the 
Christian  life."  This  membership  basis  was  considered  too  broad  by 
some,  and  in  May,  1895,  after  the  organization  of  a  College  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  under  the  influence  of  John  R.  Mott,  the 
Students'  Christian  Association  changed  its  basis  by  simplifying  the 
pledge  to  read  thus:  "Accepting  the  purpose  of  this  Association,  I 
agree  to  abide  by  its  laws  and  seek  its  prosperity." 

While  the  Students'  Christian  Association  does  not  measure  the  re- 
ligious life  of  the  University  in  its  full  extent,  this  Association  is  still 
the  chief  center  of  Christian  work  among  the  students.34  Its  member- 
ship for  the  past  six  years  has  been  as  follows: 

1889-1890 411 

1890-1891   422 

1891-1892 .'.  .     435 

1892-1893 556 

1893-1894 478 

1894-1895 37536 

The  membership  of  the  Association  is  drawn  chiefly  from  Presby- 
terians, Methodists,  Congregationalists  and  Baptists.  The  decrease 
shown  in  the  numbers  during  the  last  year  is  accounted  for,  to  some 
extent,  by  the  more  careful  weeding  out  of  merely  nominal  members. 

In  1892  and  1894  religious  censuses  of  the  students  were  taken, 
that  in  the  latter  year  being  too  incomplete  to  be  of  statistical  value. 
The  following  tables  will  show  the  most  important  results  obtained: 


"During  the  school  year  1894-95  the  Students'  Christian  Association 
conducted  on  the  average  about  16  religious  services  each  week,  in- 
cluding department  prayer-meetings,  class  prayer-meetings,  meetings  of 
classes  organized  for  the  study  of  the  Bible,  and  a  general  service  on 
Sunday. 

"Approximately. 


42       The  Presbyterian  Church  and  University  of  Michigan 


TABLE  XI. 

RELIGIOUS   CENSUS  OF  THE   UNIVERSITY  OP  MICHIGAN, 

1892-1893. 


Department. 


MEN. 

% 

Church  Church  Not  Un- 

M  embers.     Adherents.     Adherents,     reached.     Total. 


Literary 477 

Law   214 

Medical   120 

Dental 57 

Pharmacy   22 

Homeopathic 25 

Grand  Total  .  915 


240 

127 

134 

978 

169 

101 

154 

(538 

84 

34 

35 

273 

48 

22 

55 

182 

23 

13 

18 

76 

13 

7 

5 

50 

577 


304 


401 


2,191 


Department. 


WOMEN. 

Church  Church  Not  Un- 

Members.     Adherents.     Adherents,     reached.     Total. 


Literary 334 

Law 1 

Medical 43 

Dental 6 

Pharmacy 1 

Homeopathic 10 

Grand  Total  .  395 


Church 
Department.        Members. 

Literary 811 

Law    215 

Medical 163 

Dental 63 

Pharmacy   23 

Homeopathic 35 

University 1,310 


101 

16 

62 

513 

.  . 

.  . 

.  . 

1 

2 

4 

22 

71 

1 

.  . 

.  . 

7 

3 

.  . 

2 

6 

2 

1 

•• 

13 

109 

21 

86 

611 

SUMMARY. 

Church 

Not 

Un- 

Adherents. 

Adherents. 

reached. 

Total. 

341 

143 

196 

1,491 

169 

101 

154 

639 

86 

38 

57 

344 

49 

22 

55 

189 

26 

13 

20 

82 

15 

8 

5 

63 

686 


325 


487 


62.808 


86This  number  includes  30  duplicates,  where  students  were  regis- 
tered in  more  than  one  department.  It  was  impossible  to  eliminate 
these  duplicates  from  the  statistics.  The  actual  registration  in  the 
University,  exclusive  of  duplicates,  was  2,778. 


Students'  Christian  Association  43 

TABLE  XII. 

PERCENTAGES  OF  STUDENTS  REACHED  WHO  WERE  CHURCH 

MEMBERS. 

Department.                                                             Men.  Women.  All. 

Literary    57.2  74.1  62.6 

Law 44.2  100.0  44.3 

Medical  50.4  87.8  58.8 

Dental 44.9  85.7  49.6 

Pharmacy    37.9  25.0  37.1 

Homeopathic 55.6  76.9  60.3 

University    50.9  75.2  5674 

TABLE  XIII. 

DISTRIBUTION  AMONG  DENOMINATIONS. 

Church.                                                           Members.  Adherents.  Total. 

Methodist 256  172  428 

Presbyterian 264  143  407 

Congregational 178  109  287 

Protestant  Episcopal   169  71  240 

Baptist  134  30  164 

Unitarian   40  95  135 

Roman  Catholic  88  5  93 

Disciples  of  Christ  50  17  67 

German  Lutheran  26  1  27 

Seventh  Day   Advent 23  1  24 

Jewish    15  9  24 

Universalist    5  12  17 

Mormon 15  2  17 

Reformed  Church   9  4  13 

Friends '9  2  11 

English  Lutheran   8  1  9 

Miscellaneous  .                                           ...       21  12  33 


Total    1,310  6S6  1,99(5 

TABLE  XIV. 

DISTRIBUTION   OF    SEVEN   LEADING   DENOMINATIONS    BY    DE- 
PARTMENTS. 

Church.                             Lit.       Law.     Med.     Dent.  Phar.  Horn.  Univ. 

Methodist 215          97          53          34  14          15  42S 

Presbyterian 234          79          50          19  13          12  407 

Congregational 203          32          33          15  3            1  287 

Protestant  Episcopal  . .     155          42          22          11  7            3  240 

Baptist 101          25          19            8  2            9  164 

Roman   Catholic    40          29          18            3  1            2  93 

Unitarian  .                             98          20          11            5  1            0  135 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  SO  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.OO  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


NOV   30  IMS 


-titr& 


LD  21-100*ft-7,'39(402s) 


Binder 

1      GayJord  Bros..  fnc  j 
Stockton,  Calif. 

I    T-  M.  Reg.  U.S.  Pat.  Off.  4 


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